It took 100 years, but finally, scientists proved Albert Einstein’s theory that gravitational waves exist.
The waves were predicted as part of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity nearly 100 years ago. It was the theory of the physics behind the workings of our world and the universe.
The idea was that the waves are like ripples in space, caused by some of the violent and energetic processes in the Universe. For example, two black holes crashing into each other.
Now a group of scientists, including ones from from CalTech, MIT and the LIGO Scientific Collaboration finally found the gravitational waves.
David Reitze is the executive director of the LIGO observatory at CalTech.
“We have detected gravitational waves. We did it! (applause)”
Reitze spoke with others at a press conference in Washington, DC this past week. The scientists announced they were able to see ripples in the fabric of spacetime.
This is what the waves sounded like. Listen for the “chirp” sound at the end:
What are these gravitational waves? Well, imagine throwing a rock into a pond. When the rock hits the flat surface of the water, it creates ripples or waves. Spacetime is like the surface of the water. So that means gravitational waves are like the ripples moving out from where the rock hits the water.
It might be hard to understand, but those gravitational waves expand and contract space and time as they move through space. And when they get to the Earth, the waves pass through, and contract and expand the planet as the wave goes by.
It was Einstein who said these gravitational waves should be observable.
But these are not huge waves. They are very, very small, which is why it took so long to find them. You cannot see them with your eyes. They are smaller than the size of an atom.
How did the scientists find them?
They used a giant scientific tool called LIGO—which stands for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory. The billion-dollar LIGO project is two L-shaped observatories. One is in Louisiana and one in Washington state.
Their job was to watch for these gravitational waves. They have been looking on and off since 2002.
For years, scientists have been watching two black holes in another galaxy faraway. The two were spinning around each other, moving closer and closer together. When they finally crashed into each other, it was with such power and force, that gravitational waves rang throughout the universe, like a giant bell.
Those waves, traveling at the speed of light, finally reached the Earth, some 1.3 billion years later. They are the same waves that the scientists announced this past week.
The National Science Foundation tweeted that each of the black holes was thought to be 29 to 36 times the mass of our sun.
So, what does this discovery mean?
Abhay Ashtekar is a Penn State physicist, who was not on the discovery team. He said:
“Our understanding of the heavens changed dramatically.”
I’m Anne Ball.
Rick Pantaleo and Kevin Enochs reported on this story for VOANews.com. Anne Ball adapted this story for Learning English. Hai Do was the editor.
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Words in This Story
gravitational wave – n. a distortion or movement like a ripple in the space, caused by violent and energetic processes in the Universe.
ripple – n. a small wave or series of waves
black hole – n. in space, an object with so much mass, nothing, not even light can escape its gravity.
ripple in the fabric of space-time – phrase: wave moving through space
atom – n. the smallest particle of a substance that can exist by itself or be combined with other atoms to form a molecule
galaxy – n. any one of the very large group of stars that make up our universe
bell – n. a hollow object, typically made of metal, that sounds a clear musical note when struck
