We often need to tell others what someone else said. There are two ways to do this. One is to say the same words and use quotation marks. That is "direct speech." The other method is to summarize, or tell about what someone said. This is called "reported speech."
Before we get into the rules for reporting speech, here are the terms we are using to explain it.
In the sentence, "She said that she wanted a cookie," 'she' is the subject, 'said' is the reporting verb, 'that' is the conjunction and 'she wanted a cookie' is the reported speech clause.
| Subject noun or pronoun | Reporting verb | Conjunction | Reported speech clause |
|---|---|---|---|
| She | said | that | she wanted a cookie. |
Rules for reporting speech
To get this kind of sentence right, there are four things you should keep in mind:
The first rule is to choose a reporting verb and tense.
When did the speech happen? With current, repeated or recent events, the reporting verb is in the present tense. "He says he is hungry, so let's go to lunch." A habitual or repeated statement is in the present tense: "Everyone says the water is safe to drink." For reporting less immediate speech, choose the past tense. The reporting verb is often said, but it can also be told, or other verbs like ordered, stated, or reported, depending on the situation. When reporting questions, you can use verbs like asked or requested.
The second rule is to change the perspective, or point of view.
That means I becomes he, she, or they.
"Mary said 'I ate the pie.'" becomes
"She said that she ate the pie.""The boys said, 'We are coming tomorrow'" becomes
"They said they are coming tomorrow."
Next, choose whether to include "that or "if."
You can say, "He says he is at home" or "He says that he is at home." That is a conjunction here, linking the two parts of the sentence. It is optional. Another conjunction, if, is required when reporting on a question: "He asked me if I knew how to play tennis."
The fourth rule is to "backshift" the tense.
This is the trickiest part of reported speech. When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in the reported clause is in the past tense, too. The verb aspect, showing whether the action is completed, matches. Here are some examples:
"I am buying my ticket." (present continuous)
-> He said he was buying his ticket. (past continuous)Ashley: "I have fixed my bicycle." (present perfect)
-> She said she had fixed her bicycle. (past perfect)
Reporting speech in English would be easy if these rules were all learners needed to know. But as usual, there is more to learn. Let's look at what happens with questions and modals.
Reporting on questions
When we report questions, we have to pay attention to the auxiliary verb. These are words like do, be, and have. Yes or no questions begin with an auxiliary, such as
"Do you like pizza?"
To report that question, drop the auxiliary and add if:
He asked me if I liked pizza.
Learners often make the mistake of leaving the auxiliary verb in the reported speech: He asked me do I like pizza.
Don't say it like that! That is a mistake.
Information questions start with a question word:
"Where are you going?"
To report on these, simply change the pronoun and word order.
She asked me where I was going.
Here, learners often make the mistake of keeping the same word order: She asked me where was I going.
Don't say it like that! That is a mistake.
A similar word order switch appears with the verb "be" in questions.
They asked, "When is the party?"
-> They asked me when the party was.
The question word "when" remains. "Be" moves from a position before the noun to after the noun.
Reporting speech with modals
Finally, pay attention to whether the speech you are reporting uses a modal verb. Will, can, and shall change to would, could, and should when reported. Will is used to make statements about the future in English. When reporting this kind of statement, will becomes would. Compare these sentences:
Kelly said, "I will pick up the sandwiches."
-> Kelly said she would pick up the sandwiches.
Modal verbs may appear in questions, as well:
Caty asked, "Can you answer the phone while I'm out?"
-> Caty asked me if I could answer the phone while she was out.
If the modal verb is already in its past form, it does not change when reported.
George stated, "I would not do that."
-> George said he would not do that.
Test your knowledge
Let's try a few sentences. I'll say the direct speech, and you make a sentence in reported speech.
Our boss said, "You can all go home early today."
-> Our boss said we could all go home early.Anna asked "When is your birthday?"
-> Anna asked me when my birthday was.Adam said, "I am leaving on Tuesday."
-> Adam said he was leaving on Tuesday.Chris said, "I will bring the cake."
-> Chris said he would bring the cake.
Reported speech in song
Reported speech sometimes shows up in popular songs. The singer Lisa Loeb begins the song "Stay" with a reported verb in the present tense to show that the action is a habit.
you say I only hear what I want to
you say I talk so all the time so
Later she reports something in the past. So the reported speech verb is in the past tense.
you said that I was naive,
and I thought that I was strong.
I thought, "hey, I can leave, I can leave."
but now I know that I was wrong, 'cause I missed you.
Follow these simple rules and you will be reporting speech like a pro.
She said that you would be reporting speech like a pro.
I'm Pete Musto.
And I'm Jill Robbins.
Reference
| Reporting Verb Tense | Direct Speech | Direct Speech Tense | Indirect Speech | Reported Speech Tense |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Adam says, "I have a headache. I can't go." | Present simple | Adam says he has a headache, so he can't go. | Present Simple (it is still true) |
| Past | Adam said, "I am going to Seattle." | Present continuous | Adam said he was going to Seattle. | Past continuous |
| Past | Ashley said, "I can clean up." | Present Modal form | Ashley told us she could clean up. | Past Modal form |
| Past | Ashley said, "I have never been to Seattle." | Present Perfect | Ashley said she had never been to Seattle. | Past perfect |
Dr. Jill Robbins wrote this story. Adam Brock was the editor.
Words in This Story
aspect – grammar : the characteristic of a verb that expresses the way an action happens
auxiliary verb – n. a verb (such as have, be, may, do, shall, will, can, or must) that is used with another verb to show the verb's tense, to form a question, etc.
modal verb – n. a verb (such as can, could, shall, should, ought to, will, or would) that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as possibility, necessity, and permission
Now it's your turn. Try changing these sentences into reported speech. Write your sentences in the comments section and we will give you feedback.
Trung asked, "Did you eat dinner?"
Pete said, "I have been looking for a new car."
Ashley says, "Come into my office."
